2022年7月7日 星期四

唐朝女皇武則天越窯秘色青瓷浮雕鳳(女皇)霸臨天下紋筆洗 Tang Dynasty Empress Wu Zetian Yue Kiln Secret Color Celadon Relief carved Phoenix (Empress) dominating the world Brush Washer

唐朝女皇武則天越窯秘色青瓷浮雕鳳(女皇)霸臨天下紋筆洗


Tang Dynasty Empress Wu Zetian Yue Kiln Secret Color Celadon Relief carved Phoenix (Empress) dominating the world Brush Washer


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唐朝女皇武則天越窯秘色青瓷浮雕鳳(女皇)霸臨天下紋筆洗


尺寸:高 5.1 - 5.2 x 最大圓腹徑 25.2 - 25.4 x 口徑 20.7 - 20.8 x 圈足底徑 21.1 - 21.2 cm 公分


此筆洗堪稱為唐代「帝國重器」,其工藝、尺寸、浮雕紋飾、器型、全器表面溫潤如玉器、浮雕如玉雕、全器滿釉呈現清徹光亮滑順光澤、聚釉處晶亮光澤如冰面,秘色青釉等皆遠勝於其未來 1,300 年內,五代後周世宗柴榮帝柴窯筆洗,宋朝皇帝徽宗汝、官、哥、定、鈞五大名窯筆洗,明朝永樂、宣德青花筆洗,甚至於遠超過清三代康熙、雍正、乾隆朝帝王單色釉筆洗。


此筆洗也因具備越窯秘色青瓷浮雕鳳(女皇)霸臨天下紋飾,且釉色為唐代初期的「青泛黃」,全器滿釉,器底圈足內有七個「灰白色豆狀」支燒釘泥點印痕,全器溫潤明亮脂狀光澤類似玉雕品,明顯為越窯進貢唐朝皇室貢瓷,臣民不得使用,據此推論應屬唐朝女皇武則天 (公元 624 年 - 705 年) 之筆洗重器。


此筆洗又因具備有喻意「延年益壽」的「鶴紋」,據此推論應屬唐朝女皇武則天晚年自立為武周皇帝 (公元 690 年 - 705 年) 時之越窯向唐朝皇室祝壽貢瓷筆洗重器。


越窯是唐朝、五代時浙江紹興越州的瓷窯,窯址主要分佈於慈谿的上林湖一帶。隋朝、唐朝時紹興叫「越州」,因此得名為「越窯」。越窯燒製的青瓷器在唐代很出名。


越窯是中國聞名遐邇的青瓷窯之一。越窯青瓷是中國最久遠的瓷器之一,是世界公認的「瓷母」。


越窯燒造瓷器歷史悠久,從西周原始瓷到唐宋秘色瓷,從未間斷,唐代越窯青瓷成為皇室貢品。


唐詩人陸龜蒙用「九秋風露越窯開,奪得千峰翠色來。」讚美越窯青瓷的典雅秀美,對其釉色清澈碧綠、如冰似玉的光澤,給人以一種捉摸不定的感覺,譽稱為「秘色瓷」。


唐代陸羽在《茶經》中寫道:「碗,越州為上。其瓷類玉、類冰。」。


晚唐、五代時最上品的越窯千峰翠色青瓷專門作為皇室貢品,臣民不得使用,因此稱為「秘色青瓷」。


五代時閩國王王審知曾派徐夤貢秘色瓷,徐夤作詩:《貢余秘色瓷器》:「捩翠融青瑞色新,陶成先得貢吾君。功剜明月染春水,輕旋薄冰盛綠雲。

古鏡破苔當席上,嫩荷涵露別江濆。中山竹葉醅初發,多病那堪中十分。」。


宋朝趙彥衡《雲麓漫鈔》說越窯秘色瓷艾色,又引唐代詩人陸龜蒙《進越器詩》曰:"九秋風露越窯開,奪得千峰翠色來;好向中霄盛沆瀣,共稽中散斗遺杯。」。


1987 年 4 月 3 日,法門寺真身寶塔的地宮被打開,出土大量珍貴文物,其中包括十三件秘色瓷器,現存法門寺博物館。


越窯器物燒製,凡是在外底有泥點支燒印痕的器物,定是無匣明火迭燒,其時代可以早到初、盛唐時期,晚至北宋元祐、政和時期。


在初、盛唐時期,隨著人們從席地而坐逐步發展成用桌椅配套座飲、會客,因此許多瓷器從較大器形逐步為端巧多樣的造型所代替。


施釉也由「半釉」邁向「滿釉」發展。所支燒的器物,往往用豆狀的泥點,排列在外底,而遺留下四到八粒「灰白色豆狀泥點印痕」。這種豆狀的泥點所反映的情況,為我們提供了一個信息,它的生產年代是在初、盛唐時期。


在初唐時期 ,越窯雖然在窯爐結構上獲得了改善,但燒造的氣氛除了一部分還原焰較好的器物呈現青色外,有很大一部份弱還原焰或氧化焰呈色便為「青泛黃或米黃色」。


關于越窯胎體,由於所用瓷土含鐵量較高,所呈色為「灰白色」,這已為眾多越窯器所證明,化學成份測試也證明了這一點。因此凡是唐、五代、北宋越窯製品,胎體呈色絕對不可能像龍泉窯那麼白,也不可能像長沙窯、婺州窯那麼疏鬆的缸胎,在胎體也是呈「灰白色」。


此筆洗胎質堅硬緻密,器物胎壁較厚重,界於瓷與陶之間。胎色灰白。圓鼓腹邊牆。外壁口沿旁有一圈弦紋。古時越窯窯工的修胎是很有特點的,為了追求時效,熟練窯工往往就在快速的幾刀之中完成了修坯的工作,因此,在此筆洗器物內外壁上及器底圈足內可見到修坯時所留下的明顯轉輪製痕。


此筆洗亦具備古瓷應有之千年開片紋、千年蛤蜊光、器壁上亦有數個明顯的「棕眼之古瓷瑕疵」及一些「黑斑與白點之古瓷瑕疵」、與古代的柴燒氣泡。器底圈足內有七個「灰白色豆狀」支燒釘泥點印痕,其中有三個支燒釘泥點印痕具「千年火石紅」痕跡。


器底圈足線邊緣與浮雕勾勒線邊緣等薄釉處皆露出醬柿泛紫色如「紫線邊緣」。圈足露胎處上有「數個磕碰凹痕的古瓷瑕疵」及「黏窯砂、粘渣底」。內壁牆邊於「鶴」紋飾外圈弦紋圓圈線旁有一「蚯蚓走泥紋的古瓷瑕疵」。


另外,器底於光線下呈現略為凹凸不平,是由於泥坯中間的部位水份未乾,成型泥胎在掙脫粘連的泥范(模)時,由越窯窯工左右輕微轉動脫模操作所形成。現代仿製品完全無法製作器底略為凹凸不平現象。


來源:


屬擊敗蒙古元朝歐亞大帝國的明朝皇帝朱元璋所分封為軍事大元帥的「陳秀甫」(陳秀甫亦為明代開國功臣光祿大夫《光祿大夫為皇帝開國及軍事作戰的出糧出資金錢財主》) 家族傳世的祖傳傳世品。








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Tang Dynasty Empress Wu Zetian Yue Kiln Secret Color Celadon Relief carved Phoenix (Empress) dominating the world Brush Washer


Dimensions: Height 5.1 - 5.2 x Maximum round Abdomen Diameter 25.2 - 25.4 x Mouth Diameter 20.7 - 20.8 x Ring Foot Diameter 21.1 - 21.2 cm


This brush washer can be called the "Imperial Important Ware" of the Tang Dynasty. Its craftsmanship, size, relief pattern, shape, surface of the entire utensil being as smooth as jade, relief being like jade carving, full glaze of the entire utensil being clear, bright and smooth, poly glaze being crystal clear and bright luster being like ice surface, secret color celadon glaze, etc., are far better than those in the next 1,300 years, the brush washer of Hou Zhou Shizong Emperor Chai Rong of the Five Dynasties, Song Dynasty Emperor Huizong's brush washer out of five famous kilns: Ru Guan Ge Ding Jun, Ming Dynasty Yongle Xuande blue and white brush washer, even far more than the monochrome glaze brush washer of Emperors in three dynasties of Qing dynasty: Kangxi Yongzheng Qianlong.


This brush washer is also decorated with a Yue kiln secret color celadon embossed relief phoenix (Empress) dominating the world pattern, and the glaze color is "greenish yellow" in the early Tang Dynasty. The whole utensil was full-glazed. There are seven "gray-white bean-shaped" supporting-nail marks with mud dots inside the bottom ring foot. The whole utensil is smooth with bright luster like a jade carving. It was obviously an imperial tribute porcelain to the Tang Dynasty royal family from Yue kiln, and subjects were not allowed to use it. Based on this, it is inferred that it should be the important brush washer ware belonged to the Empress Wu Zetian (A.D. 624 - 705) of the Tang Dynasty.


This brush washer also has the "crane pattern" which means "prolonging longevity", so it can be deduced that it should be belonged to the important ware brush washer of Empress Wu Zetian of the Tang Dynasty who proclaimed herself as Empress Wu Zhou (A.D. 690-705) in her later years as a birthday gift of tribute porcelain to the Tang Dynasty royal family from Yue kiln.


Yue kiln is a porcelain kiln in Yuezhou, Shaoxing, Zhejiang during the Tang and Five Dynasties. The kiln sites are mainly distributed in the Shanglin Lake area of ​​Cixi. In the Sui and Tang Dynasties, Shaoxing was called "Yuezhou", so it was named "Yue kiln". The celadon wares fired in Yue kilns were very famous in the Tang Dynasty.


Yue Kiln is one of the famous celadon kilns in China. Yue kiln celadon porcelain is one of the oldest porcelains in China, and is recognized as the "mother of porcelain" in the world.


Yue kiln has a long history of firing porcelain, from the original porcelain of the Western Zhou Dynasty to the secret color porcelain of the Tang and Song Dynasties, and it had been uninterrupted. The Yue kiln celadon porcelain in the Tang Dynasty became a tribute to the royal family.


The Tang poet Lu Guimeng used "When the autumn winds dropped dew in September, the Yue kiln opened and won the green color of the thousand mountain peaks." He praised the elegance and beauty of Yue kiln celadon porcelain, and its glaze color is clear and green, luster is like ice and jade, giving people an unpredictable feeling. It was well known as the secret color porcelain.


In the Tang Dynasty, Lu Yu wrote in "The Classic of Tea": "Bowl, Yuezhou is the best. Its porcelain is like jade and ice."


In the late Tang and Five Dynasties, the top-quality Yue kiln celadon porcelain with the green color of the thousand mountain peaks  was specially used as a tribute porcelain, and the subjects were not allowed to use it, so it was called the "secret color celadon porcelain".


In the Five Dynasties, the King of Fujian, Wang Shenzhi, once sent Xu Yin to pay tribute with the secret color porcelain. Xu Yin wrote a poem: "Pay my tribute with the Secret Color Porcelain": "The green celadon color is completely new, and the fired porcelain is the first to pay tribute to my Emperor. Fine work was cut under bright moonlight with water in the Spring. It was rotated slightly on the wheel plate like thin ice to load green clouds. On the seat it was like the broken green moss on the ancient mirror, the tender lotus and dew showed farewell to the river side. The bamboo leaves in the mountains were first developed for grains to be wine, and it was feared to be very sick to finish the work completely.".


Song Dynasty Zhao Yanheng's "Yunlu Manchao (Cloud, Foot of a mountain, Overflow, Banknote)" said that Yue kiln's secret color porcelain was beautiful, and also quoted Tang Dynasty poet Lu Guimeng's "To purchase Yue porcelain ware Poem" as saying: "When the autumn winds dropped dew in September, the Yue kiln opened and won the green color of the thousand mountain peaks; it was so good in order to load same color from the middle sky. Let's salute together and share the cups left by the scattered utensils.".


On April 3, 1987, the underground palace of the True Body Pagoda of Famen Temple was opened, and a large number of precious cultural relics were unearthed, including thirteen pieces of secret color porcelain, which are now collected in the Famen Temple Museum.


When Yue kiln wares were fired, all the wares with marks of clay dots' supporting-nails on the outer bottom of the utensils must have been burned under rotating open fire without box. The age can be as early as the early and prosperous Tang Dynasty, and as late as the Yuanyou and Zhenghe periods in the Northern Song Dynasty.


In the early and prosperous Tang Dynasty, as people gradually developed from sitting on the floor to using tables and chairs to sit, drink, and meet guests, many porcelain wares were gradually replaced from larger ones to various delicate shapes.


Glazing had also developed from "half glaze" to "full glaze". The supporting-nails of burnt utensils were often made of bean-shaped mud dots arranged on the outer bottom, leaving four to eight "grey white bean-shaped mud dot marks". The situation reflected by this bean-shaped mud dots provides us with information that its production age was in the early and prosperous Tang Dynasty.


In the early Tang Dynasty, although the furnace structure of the Yue kiln had been improved, in the firing atmosphere, in addition to a part of the utensils with better reducing flame showing green color, a large part of the weak reducing flame or oxidizing flame showed "Greenish yellow or Beige".


Regarding the Yue kiln porcelain carcass, due to the high iron content of the porcelain clay used, the color is "grey white", which has been proved by many Yue kiln wares, and the chemical composition test has also proved this. Therefore, for the Yue kiln products of the Tang, Five Dynasties, and Northern Song Dynasties, the color of the porcelain carcass is absolutely impossible to be as white as Longquan kiln, and it is impossible to be as loose as Changsha kiln and Wuzhou kiln, and the porcelain carcass is also "grey white".


The quality of the porcelain body of this brush washer is very hard and dense, and the wall of the utensil is thicker and heavier, between the porcelain and the pottery. Porcelain fetal color is grey white. It has a round belly wall. There is a circle of string pattern by the mouth edge on the outer wall. In ancient times, kiln workers in Yue kilns were very characteristic in trimming ceramic bodies. In order to pursue time-saving, skilled kiln workers often completed the work of trimming ceramic bodies in a few quick cuts. On the inner and outer walls and inside the ring foot of the bottom of this brush washer utensil, there are obvious rotating-wheel-making marks left when the porcelain body was trimmed.


This brush washer also has the the millennium cracking pattern, the millennium clam light, several obvious marks of "brown-eyed-small-holes" which are ancient porcelain flaws on the walls of the utensile, and some "black and white spots of ancient porcelain flaws", together with the ancient wood-fired air bubbles, all that ancient porcelain should have. There are seven "gray-white bean-shaped" supporting-nail marks with mud dots inside the bottom ring foot. Among them, there are three supporting-nail marks' mud dots with the traces of "millennium flint red".


The places with thin glaze, such as the edge of the ring foot line on the bottom ring foot of the utensil, and the edge of the relief outline, all reveal the color of sauce-persimmon which was turned purple, such as the "purple line edge". There are "several ancient porcelain flaws of bumps and dents out of collisions" and "pasted kiln sands, sticky slag bottom" at the exposed ceramic body of the ring foot. On the inner wall, there is an "ancient porcelain flaw of Earthworm Walking in the Mud Pattern" next to the "crane" pattern by the outer round string line pattern.


In addition, the bottom of the utensil is slightly uneven under the light. Because when the water in the middle of the porcelain mud body was not dry yet and meanwhile the molded mud body was slightly turned left and right to be broken away from the sticking mud mold. So long as the Yue kiln porcelain workers took the above procedure, then the uneven bottom would have been formed. Modern imitations are completely unable to produce slightly uneven bottoms.


Provenance:


The handed down collection from the family ancestor of Chen Xiufu, a military marshal who was assigned by the Ming Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang (Zhu Yuanzhang defeated the Eurasian Empire of the Mongolian Yuan Dynasty), (Chen Xiufu was also the founding hero of the Ming Dynasty, whose official name was Guangludafu, "Guangludafu was the rich and wealthy capitalist of food and money supplied for the emperor's nation-founding and military operations.").









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Tang Dynasty Empress Wu Zetian Yue Kiln Secret Color Celadon Relief carved Phoenix (Empress) dominating the world Brush Washer




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